Prosodik hodisalar

Ma’ruza

10 slayd · istalgan inglizcha so‘zni bosib talaffuzini eshitishingiz mumkin

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   ENGLISH PHONOLOGY

   PROSODIC

   FEATURES

   Stress · Rhythm · Intonation · Tone · Length

   of the English Language

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   WHAT ARE PROSODIC FEATURES?

   Prosodic (suprasegmental) features extend over more than one segment — they shape the melody, rhythm, and prominence of spoken English.

   STRESS

   RHYTHM

   INTONATION

   TONE

   LENGTH

   Unlike individual phonemes, prosodic features are realized across syllables, words, and entire utterances.

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   STRESS

   The prominence given to a syllable through pitch, loudness, and duration.

   WORD STRESS

   ˈpresent (n.)

   noun — stress on 1st

   preˈsent (v.)

   verb — stress on 2nd

   ˈrecord (n.)

   noun — stress on 1st

   reˈcord (v.)

   verb — stress on 2nd

   SENTENCE STRESS

   Content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) receive stress; function words (articles, prepositions) are typically unstressed.

   "She BOUGHT a NEW car"

   BOUGHT and NEW carry primary stress

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   RHYTHM

   STRESS-TIMED

   English

   Stressed syllables occur at roughly equal time intervals. Unstressed syllables are compressed to fit between stresses.

   ● = stressed syllable · · = unstressed

   "The CATS sat on the MAT by the DOOR"

   SYLLABLE-TIMED

   French, Spanish, Italian

   Each syllable takes roughly equal time regardless of stress. The rhythm feels more even and machine-like to English ears.

   Each syllable is roughly equal in duration

   English learners influenced by L1 rhythm patterns

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   INTONATION

   The rise and fall of pitch across an utterance — conveys meaning, attitude, and structure.

   ↘

   FALLING

   Statements, commands, wh-questions

   "She LEFT." ↘

   ↗

   RISING

   Yes/no questions, uncertainty, lists

   "She LEFT?" ↗

   ↘↗

   FALL-RISE

   Reservation, implication, contrast

   "She LEFT... (but)" ↘↗

   ↗↘

   RISE-FALL

   Strong agreement, surprise, sarcasm

   "She LEFT!" ↗↘

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   TONE UNITS & NUCLEUS

   A tone unit (or intonation group) is a stretch of speech with one main pitch movement — the NUCLEUS — on the most prominent syllable.

   Pre-head

   Unstressed syllables

   before the head

   "she"

   Head

   From 1st stressed

   syllable to nucleus

   "bought a"

   NUCLEUS

   Main pitch movement

   (tonic syllable)

   "NEW"

   Tail

   Syllables after

   the nucleus

   "car"

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   PITCH & TONE

   Pitch = the perceived frequency of the voice. Tone = the use of pitch to signal meaning.

   PITCH IN ENGLISH

   English is an INTONATION language — pitch changes signal attitude and sentence type, not individual word meaning.

   Key pitch levels:

   HIGH

   MID

   LOW

   LEXICAL TONE (contrast)

   English does NOT use lexical tone. Languages like Mandarin and Thai do — pitch changes the word itself.

   Mandarin: "ma"

   mā (high level) = "mother"

   má (rising) = "hemp"

   mǎ (dip) = "horse"

   mà (falling) = "scold"

   mā=mother má=hemp mǎ=horse mà=scold

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   QUANTITY / LENGTH

   The duration of sounds — vowels and consonants can be phonologically short or long.

   VOWEL LENGTH IN ENGLISH

   /ɪ/ "ship"

   vs.

   /iː/ "sheep"

   /ʊ/ "foot"

   vs.

   /uː/ "food"

   /e/ "bed"

   vs.

   /eɪ/ "bay"

   /ɒ/ "hot"

   vs.

   /ɔː/ "bought"

   PHONEMIC STATUS

   In English, vowel length is a cue to meaning alongside quality. Length alone is rarely the sole distinctive feature — quality always co-varies.

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   CONNECTED SPEECH

   In natural speech, prosodic processes reshape individual words across word boundaries.

   ASSIMILATION

   Sounds change to match neighbouring sounds

   "ten boys" → [tem bɔɪz]

   ELISION

   Sounds are omitted to ease articulation

   "next please" → [neks pliːz]

   LINKING

   A consonant bridges two words

   "far away" → [fɑːr əweɪ]

   WEAK FORMS

   Function words lose stress and reduce to schwa

   "and" [ænd] → [ənd] / [ən]

   JUNCTURE

   Pause or pitch signals word boundaries

   "ice cream" vs. "I scream"

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    CONCLUSION

    Prosodic features — stress, rhythm, intonation, pitch, and length — operate above the level of individual sounds. English is a stress-timed language whose intonation encodes meaning, attitude, and discourse structure. In connected speech, prosodic processes such as assimilation, elision, and weak forms shape the natural rhythm of the language — making prosody essential to fluency and comprehension.