Fonotaktika

Ma’ruza

10 slayd · istalgan inglizcha so‘zni bosib talaffuzini eshitishingiz mumkin

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   PHONO-

   TACTICS

   The rules governing permissible sound sequences in English

   ENGLISH PHONOLOGY

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   01

   WHAT IS PHONOTACTICS?

   Phonotactics describes the RULES that determine which sequences of sounds are permitted — and which are forbidden — in a given language.

   ★

   Language-specific constraints

   ★

   Apply at syllable & word level

   ★

   Predict possible vs. actual words

   "blick" is not English — but it COULD be. "bnick" could NOT be. Phonotactics explains why.

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   02

   THE SYLLABLE STRUCTURE

   RIME

   ONSET

   str-

   Initial consonant(s)

   NUCLEUS

   -e-

   Vowel — obligatory

   CODA

   -ngth

   Final consonant(s)

   "strength" = str + e + ngth

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   03

   ONSET

   CLUSTERS

   Consonant combinations

   that begin a syllable

   PERMITTED PATTERNS

   C + /l/

   play, blue, fly, glow

   C + /r/

   pray, break, free, grow

   C + /w/

   twin, dwell, swim

   /s/ + C

   spin, star, skin, slim

   /s/ + CC

   string, split, spray

   ✗ /bn-/, /dn-/, /tl-/ — forbidden in English

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   04

   CODA CLUSTERS

   Consonant combinations at the END of a syllable — English allows very complex codas.

   -t

   Simple coda

   "cat"

   -nd

   Two-C coda

   "hand"

   -nts

   Three-C coda

   "ants"

   -mpts

   Four-C coda

   "tempts"

   -ngths

   Five-C coda

   "lengths"

   -ksts

   Max cluster

   "texts"

   English has one of the most complex coda systems among the world's languages.

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   PHONOTACTIC CONSTRAINTS

   SONORITY

   SEQUENCING

   Consonants in an onset must rise in sonority toward the vowel; in a coda they must fall.

   /str-/ ✓ (s < t < r)

   OBLIGATORY

   NUCLEUS

   Every syllable must have a vowel (or syllabic sonorant) at its centre. No vowel = no syllable.

   "btn" impossible as one syllable

   EDGE

   CONSTRAINTS

   Certain sounds are banned at specific positions — /ŋ/ never appears in onset; /h/ never in coda.

   /ŋ-/ ✗ /-h/ ✗

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   06

   POSSIBLE vs. IMPOSSIBLE

   ✓ PHONOTACTICALLY POSSIBLE

   "blick"

   bl- onset, valid

   "smeet"

   sm- onset, -t coda

   "prand"

   pr- onset, -nd coda

   "flob"

   fl- onset, valid

   "grups"

   gr- onset, -ps coda

   ✗ PHONOTACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE

   "bnick"

   bn- onset: illegal

   "dlop"

   dl- onset: illegal

   "ngat"

   /ŋ/ can't begin word

   "tlot"

   tl- onset: illegal

   "pfun"

   pf- onset: illegal

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   07

   SONORITY

   SEQUENCING

   PRINCIPLE

   SSP

   THE PRINCIPLE

   In a syllable, sonority must RISE toward the vowel and FALL away from it.

   Vowels

   Glides

   Liquids

   Nasals

   Obstruents

   "spring": /s/ < /p/ < /r/ < /ɪ/ > /ŋ/

   sonority rises to vowel, then falls — perfectly valid!

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   08

   REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS

   LOANWORD

   ADAPTATION

   Foreign words with illegal clusters are adapted to fit English phonotactics via vowel insertion (epenthesis).

   Japanese: "sutoraiku"

   ← English "strike" /straɪk/

   LANGUAGE

   ACQUISITION

   Children learn phonotactic rules early. They simplify illegal clusters before mastering them.

   "truck" → "tuck"

   "spoon" → "poon"

   L2 LEARNING

   & ACCENT

   L2 speakers transfer phonotactics from their L1, inserting vowels to break up unfamiliar clusters.

   "school" [əskuːl]

   ← Spanish L1 transfer

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    CONCLUSION

    Phonotactics defines the rules governing permissible sound sequences in English — at the level of the syllable, the word, and beyond. The sonority sequencing principle governs onset and coda shape, while positional constraints ban sounds like /ŋ/ in onsets and /h/ in codas. These rules are deeply internalized — shaping how English speakers hear, produce, and adapt new words.