Fonologik nazariyalar

Ma’ruza

10 slayd · istalgan inglizcha so‘zni bosib talaffuzini eshitishingiz mumkin

1. slayd 1

   LINGUISTICS · LANGUAGE THEORY

   Phonological

   Theories

   A Survey of Major Frameworks

   in the Study of Sound Systems

   SOUND

   SYSTEMS

   EXPLAINED

   From Classical to Contemporary

2. slayd 2

   PHONOLOGICAL THEORIES

   AN OVERVIEW

   1910s

   Classical

   Phonology

   1930s

   Structural

   Phonology

   1960s

   Generative

   Phonology

   1990s

   Optimality

   Theory

   2000s+

   Modern

   Approaches

3. slayd 3

   01

   CLASSICAL PHONOLOGY

   The Prague School — early 20th century

   /

   Phoneme

   Abstract unit that distinguishes meaning between words

   ±

   Distinctive Features

   Sounds classified by binary features: [+voiced], [-nasal]

   ⇄

   Opposition

   Phonemes defined by contrasting pairs — /p/ vs /b/

4. slayd 4

   02

   STRUCTURAL

   PHONOLOGY

   Saussure &

   Bloomfield

   Language as a System

   Syntagmatic Relations

   How sounds combine in sequence within words

   Paradigmatic Relations

   How sounds contrast and replace each other

   Distribution

   Where sounds appear: initial, medial, final

5. slayd 5

   03 GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY

   Chomsky & Halle — The Sound Pattern of English (1968)

   Underlying Representations → Phonological Rules → Surface Forms

   Underlying Form

   Abstract mental

   representation

   of words

   Phonological

   Rules

   Systematic sound

   changes applied

   by the grammar

   Surface Form

   What we

   actually

   pronounce

6. slayd 6

   04

   OPTIMALITY THEORY

   Prince & Smolensky, 1993 — Ranked Violable Constraints

   CANDIDATES ► GEN ► EVAL (ranked constraints) ► WINNER ☆

   GEN

   Generates all possible candidate output forms

   CON

   Universal ranked constraints that may be violated

   EVAL

   Selects the candidate that best satisfies constraints

7. slayd 7

   05

   AUTOSEGMENTAL

   PHONOLOGY

   John Goldsmith, 1976 — Features on independent tiers

   Tonal Tier

   H L H

   Skeletal Tier

   σ σ σ

   Segmental Tier

   b a t

   Key Insight: Phonological features operate on separate, simultaneous tiers

8. slayd 8

   Feature

   Geometry

   Clements & Hume, 1995

   Features organized in hierarchical tree structure

   Nodes: Laryngeal, Place, Manner

   Explains natural classes & assimilation patterns

   Metrical

   Phonology

   Liberman & Prince, 1977

   Stress organized in hierarchical metrical trees

   Strong vs. Weak syllable distinctions

   Explains rhythm and stress patterns in words

9. slayd 9

   COMPARING THE MAJOR THEORIES

   Key distinctions at a glance

   Theory

   Core Unit

   Key Mechanism

   Era

   Classical

   Phoneme

   Minimal pairs & contrast

   1910s–30s

   Structural

   Distribution

   Complementary distribution

   1930s–60s

   Generative

   Underlying Form

   Rules & derivations

   1960s–90s

   Optimality

   Candidates

   Ranked constraints

   1990s–

   Autosegmental

   Tiers

   Spreading & association

   1976–

10. slayd 10

    CONCLUSION

    Phonological theories have evolved from the concrete study of contrasting sounds in Classical Phonology, through the rule-based derivations of Generative Phonology, to the constraint-driven elegance of Optimality Theory. Each framework reveals a deeper layer of how human languages organize sound — and together, they form the foundation of modern linguistic science.