Ingliz tili unlilar tizimi

Ma’ruza

10 slayd · istalgan inglizcha so‘zni bosib talaffuzini eshitishingiz mumkin

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   /iː/

   /ʌ/

   /æ/

   /ɒ/

   /eɪ/

   /aʊ/

   THE SYSTEM OF

   VOWELS

   in English

   A Phonological Overview of the English Vowel Inventory

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   The English Vowel System

   English has approximately 20 vowel phonemes — one of the richest inventories among world languages.

   ~12

   Monophthongs

   pure steady-state vowels

   ~8

   Diphthongs

   gliding two-part vowels

   3

   Dimensions

   height · backness · rounding

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   Three Key Dimensions

   All English vowels are described by three articulatory parameters.

   1 HEIGHT

   Position of the tongue body vertically

   Close → Close-mid → Open-mid → Open

   HIGH: /iː/ (feed) MID: /ɛ/ (bed) LOW: /æ/ (cat)

   2 BACKNESS

   Position of the tongue body horizontally

   Front → Central → Back

   FRONT: /iː/ CENTRAL: /ə/ BACK: /uː/

   3 LIP ROUNDING

   Presence or absence of lip rounding

   ROUNDED: /ɒ/, /uː/, /ɔː/ UNROUNDED: all others

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   Short Monophthongs

   Six short, pure vowels in Standard British English (RP):

   /ɪ/

   KIT

   sit, hit, big

   /ɛ/

   DRESS

   bed, head, ten

   /æ/

   TRAP

   cat, hand, back

   /ɒ/

   LOT

   hot, dog, stop

   /ʌ/

   STRUT

   cup, bus, love

   /ʊ/

   FOOT

   put, book, full

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   Long Monophthongs

   Five long vowels — marked with the length diacritic ː

   /iː/

   FLEECE

   see, feel, team

   Close front unrounded

   /ɑː/

   START

   car, far, palm

   Open back unrounded

   /ɔː/

   THOUGHT

   law, four, caught

   Open-mid back rounded

   /uː/

   GOOSE

   too, food, blue

   Close back rounded

   /ɜː/

   NURSE

   bird, turn, word

   Open-mid central unrounded

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   Diphthongs

   Eight diphthongs — the tongue glides from one vowel position to another.

   /eɪ/

   FACE

   day, name

   /aɪ/

   PRICE

   my, night

   /ɔɪ/

   CHOICE

   boy, coin

   /əʊ/

   GOAT

   go, home

   /aʊ/

   MOUTH

   now, out

   /ɪə/

   NEAR

   here, fear

   /eə/

   SQUARE

   air, care

   /ʊə/

   CURE

   tour, pure

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   /ə/

   The Schwa

   The most frequent vowel in English

   Occurs only in unstressed syllables

   Mid-central, completely neutral position

   Key to natural English rhythm and connected speech

   "about" /əˈbaʊt/ "teacher" /ˈtiːtʃə/ "the" /ðə/

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   The Vowel Space

   FRONT

   CENTRAL

   BACK

   CLOSE

   CLOSE-MID

   OPEN-MID

   OPEN

   /iː/

   /ɪ/

   /e/

   /ɛ/

   /æ/

   /a/

   /ɑː/

   /ɒ/

   /ɔː/

   /ʌ/

   /ə/

   /ɜː/

   /ʊ/

   /uː/

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   Vowel Reduction &

   Weak Forms

   In connected speech, unstressed vowels reduce — often to /ə/ or /ɪ/.

   "and"

   STRONG /ænd/

   WEAK /ənd/ or /ən/

   "fish and chips"

   "can"

   STRONG /kæn/

   WEAK /kən/

   "I can go"

   "for"

   STRONG /fɔː/

   WEAK /fə/

   "waiting for you"

   "of"

   STRONG /ɒv/

   WEAK /əv/ or /ə/

   "cup of tea"

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    Conclusion

    The English vowel system is one of the most complex among world languages. Its ~20 phonemes — spanning short and long monophthongs, diphthongs, and the ubiquitous schwa — are structured by height, backness, and rounding. Mastery of this system is fundamental to phonological competence in English.